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Steel made in an EAF uses electricity to melt recycled steel. Additives, such as alloys, are used to adjust to the desired chemical composition. Electrical energy can be supplemented with oxygen injected into the EAF. Downstream process stages, such as casting, reheating and rolling, are similar to those found in the BF-BOF route. About 30% of steel is produced via the EAF route.
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Iron is commonly found in the Earth's crust in the form of an ore , usually an iron oxide, such as magnetite or hematite . Iron is extracted from iron ore by removing the oxygen through its combination with a preferred chemical partner such as carbon which is then lost to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. This process, known as smelting , was first applied to metals with lower melting points, such as tin , which melts at about 250 °C (482 °F), and copper , which melts at about 1,100 °C (2,010 °F), and the combination, bronze, which has a melting point lower than 1,083 °C (1,981 °F). In comparison, cast iron melts at about 1,375 °C (2,507 °F). [ 6 ] Small quantities of iron were smelted in ancient times, in the solid-state, by heating the ore in a charcoal fire and then welding the clumps together with a hammer and in the process squeezing out the impurities. With care, the carbon content could be controlled by moving it around in the fire. Unlike copper and tin, liquid or solid iron dissolves carbon quite readily. [ citation needed ]
Electric Arc Furnace Route
Main feedstock for EAFs is steel scrap but they can also smelt solidified iron or sponge iron. The typical capacity of an EAF is about million tonnes per year. Key components include graphite electrodes. The heat necessary for melting the metal comes from an electric arc that arises when the electrodes make contact with the metal. Arc temperatures can go as high as 3,500 degrees, while the temperature of the molten metal is about 1,800 degrees.
EAFs can produce all kinds of steels, from metal for basic products like reinforcing bar to stainless and high alloyed special steels, where flexibility and smaller capacities are advantages. Further process steps like casting and rolling are comparable to the blast furnace route.
Just over 40% of EU steel is produced via the EAF production route.
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