The Siberian Traps were formed by one of the largest-known volcanic events of the last 251 million years of Earth's geological history . Their activity continued for a million years and some scientists consider it a possible cause of the " Great Dying " about 250 million years ago, [ 21 ] – estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time. [ 22 ]
The origin of the word “Siberia” is similarly inconclusive. Some scholars believe that the word comes from one of the Turkic languages, which were spoken in the region even before Russian colonization. Another theory links the name to the Sibir Khanate , a historical state in Western Siberia, with its capital named Sibir, which Russian colonizers might have adopted. Some scholars propose a Mongolic origin, from the word “Shibir” or “Shiber,” meaning “swamp” or “wetland,” reflecting the region’s geographical features. However, the precise meaning of the word remains unclear.
Avec une superficie de 13,1 millions de kilomètres carrés, la Sibérie représente environ 77 % du territoire total de la Russie et près de 9 % de la surface des terres émergées. Sa longueur est-ouest est de 7500 km, du nord au sud de 3500 km.
Russian intrusion into Siberia began in the 1580s. By the mid-17 th century, the Russian Empire had reached the far eastern coast of Siberia, on the Sea of Okhotsk. By the mid-19 th century, the Russian conquest of Siberia was complete, marked by the founding of Vladivostok on the Sea of Japan in 1860. Other people from Europe also moved into the region over the centuries. In the 17 th century, for instance, Komi peoples, Lithuanians, Ukrainians, Belarussians, as well as small numbers of Germans, Greeks, Tartars and Turks came to settle in Siberia. Later on, other groups of people arrived in the region, some of whom were victims of forced exile, such as Swedish prisoners of war, and Poles, Lithuanians, Belarussians, Ukrainians and Jews from rebellious Polish territories. In addition, people from the central regions of Russia, Belarus , and Ukraine came to settle in Siberia following the abolition of serfdom in 1861. In 1891, construction on the Trans-Siberian railroad began. The rail line was finally completed in 1905. In 1914, nearly 10 million people lived in Siberia.
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